Jealousy – Wikipedia

Jealousy – Wikipedia

Jealousy and Seduction (Jealousy and Flirtation) by Haynes King, 1874.

The jealousy is a secondary emotion that represents thoughts and feelings of insecurity, fear and anxiety about the anticipated or unanticipated loss of a status, object or emotional connection of significant personal value. Jealousy is a mixture of emotions like anger, sadness, frustration, and disgust. It should not be confused with envy.

Jealousy is colloquially linked to human relationships. It is seen in children aged 5 months or older[1],[2],[3],[4]. Some testimonies show that it is perceived in all cultures[5], however, others argue that it belongs to a specific culture[6].

Loving jealousy[modifier | modifier le code]

Jealousy in love is an emotion marked by aggressiveness which is the consequence of the fear of losing the loved one or the exclusivity of his love, for the benefit of another person – a feeling which can be based on the imagination and not on facts[7]. When permanent or excessive, jealousy is a form of paranoia[8] and is attached to a « loving » relationship in a possessive or even exclusive mode[7]. In Othello or the Moor of Venice, William Shakespeare has Iago describe jealousy as a « monster who mocks the victim he feeds on » [9]. Jealousy in love cannot arise if the partners have a relationship of trust, but this notion remains subjective in the jealous individual. Jealousy is all the more important as the jealous individual has the feeling that his psychological balance rests on the fact of being linked to the desired person: jealousy is therefore a problem of attachment specific to the jealous person who has a need for ‘be reassured, even then, that rightly or wrongly, the feeling can be based on the imagination. It should be noted that the jealous individual generally reproduces the same patterns vis-à-vis all his partners.[réf. nécessaire]. The jealous individual can then be erased in the couple: he seeks to possess his partner at all costs and, to avoid losing him, rarely puts himself in opposition by accepting compromises.[réf. nécessaire]. But this behavior can then further reinforce his feeling of insecurity, especially when the partner retains a freedom outside the couple, the jealous person no longer becoming the sole beneficiary of a partner.

Love jealousy is often akin to possession, possibly hatred; this feeling exists in both men and women. For example, a jealous individual hates seeing or imagining their partner spending time with other people, not only because they are deprived of their presence, but also because they feel they are the only legitimate beneficiary of their attention. his partner. It is a feeling of exclusivity that can deprive the partner of freedom[10]. In this sense, the most common, of jealousy in love, jealousy occurs in the context of a three-way relationship (which differentiates it from envy or being envious), when someone (the jealous individual , who can be of any gender) believes that a second individual behaves for a third person (a third person, a group, even a thing) in a way that he believes rightly or wrongly threatens the relationship of the couple and more particularly their place in the couple. The jealous person conceives resentment, reproaches, doubts, which he addresses to the other two, generally with a focus on the second person. The essence of jealous behavior does not lie in this worry, sometimes imaginary, for the couple, nor in the fact of acting, but in the excessive emotional intensity which accompanies it and which compromises the success of this action. The consequences can affect the balance and communication in the couple[10], the jealous individual sometimes expressing possession in a permanent, excessive, exclusive or recurring way often representing an unhealthy jealousy, thus jealousy is a form of paranoia[8]. The jealous individual feels liberated from his jealousy only when he spends time with his partner alone, which ultimately compromises the partner’s freedom, in whom frustration can arise over time.[réf. souhaitée]. Jealousy often evolves by crisis (delusions). In literature, a study of jealousy is proposed in Un amour de Swann by Marcel Proust.

In texts relating to polyamory, the notion of compersion is often described as the reverse of jealousy, it is an empathetic feeling of happiness and joy in the face of a person (friend or lover) experiencing these emotions. Thus in the polyamorous community, loving jealousy and possessiveness often described as a solid basis for a couple are criticized and are offered the alternative of mutual compersion in the face of the happiness of multiple relationships.[11]

Psychology[modifier | modifier le code]

Jealousy involves an entire « emotional episode » including a personality complex. This jealousy can be caused by past experiences, thoughts, perceptions, memories, but also imagination or questions. Goldie (2000, p. 228) shows how jealousy can be an « impenetrable cognitive state », in which education and rational belief do not matter. Psychologists generally consider sexual arousal through jealousy to be a paraphilia, some sexologists (such as Serge Kreutz, Instrumental Jealousy) explain that jealousy, via a manageable dimension, can have a positive effect on sexual function and satisfaction. Studies also show that jealousy can increase passion for two partners as well as sexual pleasure.[12],[13]. Depending on the situation and the individual, jealousy can be more or less intense[14].

Jealousy in children and adolescents is more prevalent in those with low self-esteem and may evoke aggressive reactions. One such study suggests that making close friends may be followed by emotional insecurity or loneliness in some children when those friends interact with others. Jealousy is linked to violence and low self-esteem[15]. Research by Sybil Hart, Ph.D., of Texas Tech University indicates that children are able to sense or express jealousy at an early age of six months[16]. Infants express distress when their mothers dwell on human-looking dolls. This research could explain why children or infants express distress after the birth of a newborn, thus creating sibling rivalry.[17].

Other approaches[modifier | modifier le code]

According to the mimetic theory of the philosopher René Girard, jealousy is a moment in the dynamics of human desire. This is by nature mimetic, that is to say that the desire is borrowed from a model, who desires or possesses the object before, and whose being fascinates. The jealous person is convinced that the jealous being precedes him in the possession of the object and denies him access to it. The complacency to maintain this feeling comes from the fact that the existence of the obstacle which constitutes the jealous rival, reinforces the value of the object of the rivalry, which reinforces the fascination exerted by the being of the supposedly happy rival who is the unconscious ideal of the subject.

Henri Laborit, on the other hand, uses another approach according to which there is neither jealousy nor instinct for property in itself, but more simply that the individual would build over time, and sometimes from very early childhood. , models associating the notion of deprivation with that of pain, and then unconsciously seeks to create conditions avoiding these risks of pain.

Many proverbs evoke jealousy and its consequences through the ages. Thus in French-speaking Africa, and more particularly in Ivory Coast, the expression « The jealous people will lose weight » symbolizes the force of jealousy, working the jealous down to his flesh. This expression was popularized by singer Mokobe of group 113 in his song with the eponymous title.

1. ↑ Draghi-Lorenz, R. (2000). Five-month-old infants can be jealous: Against cognitivist solipsism. Paper presented in a symposium convened for the XIIth Biennial International Conference on Infant Studies (ICIS), 16–19 July, Brighton, UK.
2. ^ Hart, S. (2002). Jealousy in 6-month-old infants. Infancy, 3, 395–402.
3. ^ Hart, S. (2004). When infants lose exclusive maternal attention: Is it jealousy? Infancy, 6, 57–78.
4. ^ Shackelford, TK, Voracek, M., Schmitt, DP, Buss, DM, Weekes-Shackelford, VA, & Michalski, RL (2004). Romantic jealousy in early adulthood and in later life. Human Nature, 15, 283–300.
5. ^ Buss, DM (2000). The Dangerous Passion: Why Jealousy is as Necessary as Love and Sex. New York: Free Press.
6. ^ Peter Salovey. The Psychology of Jealousy and Envy. 1991. (ISBN 978-0-89862-555-4).
7. ↑ a and b « How to fight a feeling of jealousy in love? » », September 12, 2012 (accessed September 2, 2013).
8. ↑ a and b (fr) Anne-Laure Gannac, “Sortir du cercle infernal de la jealousie”, on Psychologies.com (accessed September 2, 2013).
9. ↑ Othello, Act III, Scene 3, 170
10. ↑ a and b “Jealous in Your Relationship? Stop Stalking & Start Talking ”, on psychcentral.com, May 17, 2013 (accessed September 2, 2013).
11. ^ Deborah M Anapol, Polyamory: The New Love Without Limits, San Rafael, CA, IntinNet Resource Center, 1997
12. ↑ “Emotions and sexuality. In K. McKinney and S. Sprecher (Eds.) ”, Sexuality, in close relationships, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,., P. 49–70.
13. ^ Pines, A., Romantic jealousy: Understanding and conquering the shadow of love, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1992.
14. ^ M.Farouk Radwan, MSc., “What causes jealousy? On 2knowmyself.com (accessed September 2, 2013).
15. ^ « Study links jealousy with aggression, low self-esteem », on Apa.org (accessed March 12, 2012).
16. ^ Hart, S and Carrington, H., Jealousy in six-month-old infants. Infancy, 2002, 3, 395 – 402.
17. ^ Hart, S., Carrington, H., Tronick, EZ and Carroll, S., When infants lose exclusive maternal attention: Is it jealousy? Infancy, 2004, 6, 57-78.

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Related articles[modifier | modifier le code]

Bibliography[modifier | modifier le code]

• Daniel Lagache, Loving jealousy, PUF, 1948
• Alain Robbe-Grillet, Jealousy, editions of Midnight, 1957
• Philippe Chardin, Love in hatred or jealousy in modern literature: Dostoyevsky, James, Svevo, Proust, Musil, Geneva, Droz, 1990
• Frédéric Monneyron (dir.), Jealousy, L’Harmattan, 1996 (Cerisy conference)
• Frédéric Monneyron, The Scripture of Jealousy, ELLUG, 1997
• Jean-Pierre Dupuy, Jealousy, a geometry of desire, Threshold, 2016
• Nicolas Evzonas, « Jealousy grows-to-crime », Topical, flight. 138, no. 1, 2017, p. 91-107.

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